Restorative Justice and Young People. A professionals view Dissertation

Helpful Justice and Young People. An experts see - Dissertation Example With the avoidance of any of these accepted ideas or strategies, a RJ procedure might be possibly debilitated, and its essential beliefs in strain. Frequently in a RJ there might be an absence of integrity or proportionality in the accomplished outcomes, anyway it must be borne as a top priority that the procedures through which equity is accomplished (RJ or something else) is regularly packed with inadequate undertakings. This is basically attributable to the hypothesis that however equity can't be accomplished, one must endeavor enthusiastically to accomplish it. RJ is a procedure, where from certain points of view equity can't be accomplished, yet it merits taking a stab at, to empower a superior social yield from the crooks. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background study The conventional mode a rehearsed in the criminal equity framework depends on retributive equity, which is established on the â€Å"system of organized vengeance† (Price, 2001, standard. 1). ... The investigator speaks to the State, and not the casualties who are viewed as unimportant observers for the situation. Subsequently, we find that the current criminal equity techniques are essentially wrongdoer driven, and center around blame, condemning jail terms (discipline), and securing the offender’s rights. Hence, detainment (or the danger of imprisonment) is significant procedure and accomplishing equity in the conventional technique and shows up as a hindrance, however observational outcomes have indicated its disappointment in substantiating itself as a successful long haul impediment impact (in the same place). In the customary equity framework, it is expected that to rebuff the hoodlums in a way (through detainment) that would refuse them returning into the typical society, which is an uncommon special case, as most lawbreakers are discharged and permitted to reappear the general public. As they reappear different individuals from the general public become subject to them for not bringing on any further harms inside the network. High rates of reconviction of the discharged hoodlums, hence, show that the customary criminal equity framework is deficient in some structure (Sherman and Strang, 2007). The hypothesis that harsher discipline assists with discouraging crime percentages by making an emanation of dread, has been demonstrated to be bogus for some hoodlums, for time and over (Sherman, 1993), in this way, making it important for the legislative offices and the specialists to search for options draws near, the most famous of which is remedial equity. Remedial justiceâ often alluded to as reparative equity (Weitekamp, 1993) is a cutting edge strategy inside the criminalâ justiceâ system that will in general location the necessities of the concerned gatherings, the people in question (or the victims’ families) and the wrongdoers. In this

Essay on Family History The Dominican Republic Essay Example For Students

Article on Family History : The Dominican Republic Essay Family HistoryShe is a multi year old female, she originates from a Hispanic foundation. Both of her folks are Dominican, they were both conceived in the Dominican Republic. Her mom relocated to the United States at 12 years old. She later on got hitched in the Dominican Republic. In 1994 her dad relocated to the United States to be with her mom and her. She is the most established of three, she has a more youthful sibling who is 18 years of age and a younger sibling who is 11 years of age. She was conceived in the United States, yet invested some energy in the Dominican Republic with her grandma. Her grandma died in 2012 from colon malignancy, it was probably the hardest thing that the family has ever managed. The individual who took it the hardest was her granddad, he began drinking more than he has drank before which made him endure a few cerebrum seizures. The seizures made him lose his memory and he couldn't walk and eat all alone. Beside the mind seizures later on the family found that he was determined to have leukemia. She is extremely close with her mother’s side of the family She doesn't generally have a cozy relationship with her father’s side. They never indicated a lot of enthusiasm into being a piece of her or her kin lives.Medical HistoryShe doesn't show any physical side effects, nor has she at any point been taking drugs. She had iron deficiency once in her life, there are sure sicknesses that run in her family, for example, malignant growth, diabetes, and hypertension. Until further notice she gives an indication of good health.Social SupportShe is family arranged, her family is consistently there when she needs them. She has a little circles from secondary school that she despite everything stays in touch with and there are likewise companions that she has made in school he. .shaping to the guidelines and guidelines set out to her. She will in general be an underachiever, yet she is exceptionally energetic to accomplish specifically settings that offer her adaptability. She likes to work in a situation where she can do some free reasoning and where she can characterize her own objectives. She feels great and certain when managing scholarly and applied issues, she is verbally familiar and likes to think ahead. Thinking ahead permits her to effectively finish undertakings when inquired. She over thinks a great deal of the occasions making her settle on ill-advised choices. She takes a gander at how things can influence her in either a positive or negative manner, regardless of whether it might now and then prevent her from doing certain things she gets a kick out of the chance to look forward. Thinking ahead permits her to prepare and have a thought of what she needs to do so as to have a fruitful result.

Major Legislations Law in Australia

Question: Depict about the Major Legislations Law in Australia. Answer: Point 3 Australian Trust Law The significant enactments in Australia have been seen as enlivened by numerous laws which have been made and estimated by the English individuals, yet the Australian laws have still seen far as affected as well as significantly consumed by indigenous Australian laws which are regularly of little scope yet will in general proselyte their parent laws. The Trust law found in Australia has been a key case of this situation, while it was predominately found to have a lot of likeness in structure with the English partner, it has been extraordinarily planned throughout the years by remembering the family and expense laws in the nation. This law has two unique constituents which is pivotal to comprehend so as to put a basic examination of the business side of this law. Clarification of the general trust law The general law which has been pertinent in the nation clarifies two totally different elements associated with this situation, the trustee and the recipient. The trustee as characterized by the law is an individual of intrigue which is characterized as lawful interests in a property which has been set apart as a trust property by the domain. The recipient in this law sense is an individual who has enthusiasm for the property which is characterized as an enthusiasm of value. The law just starts as that if any individual has an intrigue which is both value and stays to be legitimate too than the general measure would give that the value interests would stay common while it would likewise be under the ambit of being legal[1]. The situation where numerous inconsistencies frequently emerge in the nation and accordingly the act of this law turns out to be progressively functional is that the value is regularly given by relatives inside their own families by choosing a trustee. This by its elf giving of value to the trustee presently permits him to settle on choice for the property and subsequently blesses him with power control, the law in this way expresses the trustee ought to comply with the trust and not settle on choice which appear to be an over utilization of his capacity and become uncalled for yet rather maintain the law. Agreeing the ASICs repot of 2010, there are monstrous escape clauses in the money related proficiency of individuals living in Australia. In addition, there is a tremendous component of doubt among the individuals which lead them towards penetrate in the trust deeds. There has been a comparable case from United States in 1988 when Charles Balkin attempted to penetrate his companion when they were anticipating put resources into a land property. His companion, Don was a very reasonable about the budgetary terms and conditions so he chose to settle on a concurrence with Charles as a trust deed. In any case, Charles denied on the grounds that he realized that as indicated by Australian Trust Law, in the event that somebody penetrates the law or understanding, the individual in question will be at risk to confront the lawful outcomes. Force moves When there are various measures of legitimate property and huge resources included, the ascent of avarice regularly shadows numerous moral and good grounds of individuals. The Law of Trustees expresses that the trustee of any selected state or property must be changed and delegated by the appointer of the state which in simpler words is the proprietor. In the situations where proprietors die without assigning any sort of trustee for their property, the law upholds in these cases that the new appointers consequently become the ones that are in lawful issues and near the expired. The new appointers currently completely gain the intensity of employing or expelling trustees of the organization or property. The Australian anyway permits the appointers to authoritatively assign themselves as the trustee of the property yet these cases are uncommon and subsequently they require the nominators to formally cause substantial to gifting and proclaim recorded as a hard copy about their decision[ 2]. These conditions have been genuinely dismissed in numerous states the world over except if the individual of interests shows both a composed type of paper or affirmation which fuses the common assent all things considered. The exchange anyway has been perceived as an intricate plan on account of the tights laws directed by resolution of fakes. The law proclaims that the exchange of a property to a trustee by the nominator or proprietor can be made when the proprietor officially records a presentation of move which is characterized as being just legitimate and not value. The cautious precession of these words speaks to various terms and can even control the exchange in itself. The exchange of the property to the trustee needs to satisfy another condition which is that the proprietor himself has totally satisfied all ward and conventions which are in guidelines of the resolution of fakes. The general take in the whole techniques of these trust properties are frequently catalyzed by venture or the basic instances of individuals getting covetous. The property cases which have been rising in the nation since ages have included numerous contentions between the recipients of the trust and the trustee[3]. Numerous individuals have throughout the years disregarded how when they are selected as the trustee of any properties, there are various features and rules which a trustee must comply with. The primary standard which becomes possibly the most important factor after the arrangement of intensity is that the trustee is obviously held at risk for all the property and the loss of interest in that property, he has explicit obligations which should be filled, for example, legitimate consideration of the property. The contentions which numerous recipients have with trustee despite the fact that of the circumstance that they hold value in the property and the law fundamentally tie s the hands of the trustee, there are still some ethical grounds and impediments to the value holders, for example, numerous individuals regularly are ignorant of the way that what the trustee is very to when taking into account the trust. There are no lawful limitations which permit the trustee to discharge the official data to the recipient and a similar case applies to the partner, these frameworks are exclusively worked based on trust and powerful connection between the two gatherings. The affiliations with turning into the trustee of any property require speedy arranging and the inborn awareness of other's expectations towards the property itself. The case regularly emerges when the property begins to lose its fairly estimated worth in view of the flood of either land issues or the financial issue in the nation, in these cases the whole duty relies upon the trustee who has been named by the proprietor and he is totally at risk to roll out appropriate improvements to the propert y which can make healing activity for these properties, these circumstance likewise can move the property towards various organizations just as privately owned business proprietors. Merriments including trust properties At the point when the family trusts are regularly examined there are various celebrations that frequently get included while considering both the recipients and the trustees themselves. The discretional property trusts regularly work in unexpected manners in comparison to different trusts found in Australia. The trusts have been admired and started essentially in various families where individuals are chosen to be both of the both discretional trustees or the recipient, the primary line which isolates these both of these elements is the wellsprings of intensity and the ability of having various stakes in the trust property them. The trustee in these cases holds the most remarkable wand of control of the property which has been given to him based on lawful terms, this makes them in full oversight of the funds engaged with the whole property and makes them in any event, leasing or offering these properties to some other customer. The Australian Trust Law confines the discretional recip ients structure profiting just based on their value asserts but instead they are limited by the trustee themselves. The main fitting way which takes into account the recipients can profit by their property while considering the presence of the trustee is that if the trustee just permits the recipient to profit by all the funds engaged with the property. This by itself in power in these kinds of choices is the law in the nation which takes into account these trustees to commonly profit by the legacy and furthermore encourages the trustees to turn out to be all the more simple and adaptable in controlling the whole property. Numerous cases have rejected from various points which have indicated that numerous trustees falling into the ambiguities of controlling their own property which has been selected to them with the law and consequently have been known to be accounted for to the preeminent court for additional help, this has surrendered the trust of numerous individuals in the trust and subsequently makes substantial cases about how the trustee was formally named by the family can settle on beginning choices which may appear to be regularly equivocal. In the years that have followed numerous means have been assessed utilizing the exchange approaches which can keep up for the trustees while changing a delegating the new recipients of the trust, this by itself step has caused various issues in the properties as announced by numerous individuals, these issues which has made new recipients go after the new force control and this has prompted numerous cases by the two gatherings since the law furnishes the recipients with value and the trustees with the intensity of lawful cases. Cautious precessions have been considered when alluding to the exchange of these properties to various proprietors under the attentiveness trusts and family runs the show. These issues have regularly causes numerous land owners in the nation to turn to plans which would take into account l ess damage on both the property notoriety and the property speculation designs in the nation. Numerous individuals or how the law calls them as the nominators of the property have made endeavors into making diverse privately owned businesses as the trustee of their properties, this not just intestates a positive advance towards the property yet additionally makes distinctive accoun

Chinise Market Economy Essay - 550 Words

Chinise Market Economy (Essay Sample) Content: Chinese Market Economy(Name)(Institution Affiliation)Introduction China is the 4th largest nation worldwide subsequent to Russia, Canada, and the U.S. having a population of about 1.3 million people. However, it has experienced magnificent economic transition over the preceding two decades which has enabled it become the 2nd most powerful economy worldwide after USA. All this has been attributed to Chinas communist victory of the year 1949 and the outstanding Cultural Revolution that took stage during the 1960s period. Generally, China has made remarkable strides in extending its economy to meet diverse market demands of the international trade policy (Wu 214). When Mao Zedong was in power, China was a communist country where the impacts of its economic ties were not felt with outmost market reception. However; with Deng Xiaoping taking power in the year 1978, china began to experience an amicable market rule that enabled its GDP to have a positive turn. According to a research on Chinese market economy, the nation has been able to achieve a 73% economic marketization as per the conditions set by the E.U and the U.S. Strangely enough, the economic transition of china has resulted to a negative impact on other economies such as the U.S. In this regard, this literature will give an overview of the impact of Chinese successful economic transition on the U.S basing on the concept of mercantilism assumptions.Body Mercantilism is a theory related to Realism. It states that, international systems are principally different from the domestic economic systems. Incidentally, the theory advocates that; power is often used to defend the domestic system of the economy from international competition, power enhances the competitiveness of most domestic manufactures in the global market against foreign rivals, and lastly it concludes that power controls natural resources by the use of force at time. The Chinese government has predominantly improved their eco nomy at the expense of other nations. It is true that the form of leadership in China approves for Mercantilism thus other nations should realize that they are being antagonized economically. It is important to note that china is currently an investors destination nation with more that 67% foreign investors. This is largely because of its economic and socio-political stability. This has led to the creation of millions of jobs and an improvement in the national infrastructure. As a result, China has become the leading manufacturer and exporter of textile products as well as electronic products. Above all, china revalued its Yuan by 2.1% with respect to the US dollar in the year 2005 leading to an account surplus of about U.S. dollars 180 billion (Tisdell 297). This revaluation of its currency is very minimal and adversely affects the U.S economy in several ways. First and foremost, it has led to a decrease in the U.Ss Balance of Payment since exports from U.S to china and other count ries such as India have reduced significantly. Moreover, the Current Account Balance of the U.S. has been reduced by 190.5 billion U.S. dollars thus reducing the national GDP by an estimated value amounting to 288.7 billion U.S dollars. In this regard, the federal financial statement debit is projected to increases by U.S dollars 875 in a period of ten years (Finn 34). Consequently, domestic firms in the U.S such as Wall-Mart have seen their product sales reduce significantly due to Chinas Policy in Revaluation of the Yuan. In 2012 financial year, the company experienced an unexpected decrease in its sales by about 1.4% due to difficulties of demands on shoppers. Moreover, this was entirely due to undervalue of the Yuan which made most of Wal-Mart products not to be exported to China.Conclusion Some nations antagonize other nations for their own economic interests. It is evident that the Success of the Chinese economic...

The Effects of Child Abuse - 596 Words

Child abuse is more than just hurtful and physical contact. It is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse is noticeable there are many other types of abuse that kids may be experiencing such as physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse , and neglecting . Although some of these May be very different from the others they all have one thing in common; they will all leave a long lasting scar. Child abuse is something that should be tried to be prevented at all times. It seems that even though the government tried to brake the habit of adults betting children by making it illegal is is still happening at all times. Every 3 out of 5 kids in American are experiencing some type abuse and need help immediately .Child abuse neglecting may lead to choices you cant take back . According to the child protective agencies services ( the CPS CSA ) in a yearly federal report the a unworldly wide rate has gone up. Neglecting has been the most common , having a rate of 78.3% , physical abuse is 17.6%, sexual abuse at 9.2% and physiological is at 8.1 %. Physical abuse is aggression physically injuries directed by an adult. Often this type of abuse is confused with child discipline. Many bruises and broken bones have merely passed by the eyes of tha law as accidents, disobedient children and/or discipline. Most kids dont say anything but you may noticed that they are screaming for help, even though they might not say it verbally you may see all the signs andShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Its Effects On The Child1110 Words   |  5 Pages2012, state child protective agencies received approximately 3.4 million referrals, involving an estimated 6.3 million children, alleging abuse or neglect (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Based on investigations, states reported that an estimated 678,810 unique children were victims of abuse or neglect in 2012, resulting in a national victimization rate of 9.2 per 1,000 children per the population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Child abuse can have lastingRead MoreEffects of Child Abuse658 Words   |  3 PagesChild abuse Child abuse has gone down in recent years. There is a statistic that says in 2012 that 1 in every 100 children was abused in the U.S (Iannelli,). Child abuse isn’t only physical it could be emotional or neglect. Another thing about child abuse is that it could affect the child’s academics. Because of all the stress that they endure carries on into their school life. A lot of people who have been abused as a child it usually doesn’t stop affecting them as kids it usually carries on intoRead MoreChild Abuse Effects1443 Words   |  6 PagesThe consequences of child abuse can be devastating. For over 30 years clinicians have described the effects of child abuse and neglect on the physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral development of children. Studies show that most child abuse is usually liked with domestic violence. The consequences of child abuse are: ââ€"  Physical consequences range from minor injuries, to severe brain damage and even death. ââ€"  Psychological consequences range from chronic low self-esteem to severe dissociativeRead MoreThe Effects Of Abuse And Child Abuse2622 Words   |  11 Pagessquad, after finding three young children dead in their bed after their mother had killed them. (Qtd. In Juettner 12). Abuse doesn’t just affect children, it affects adults too. While many cases of abuse are reported, there are still many that go unreported. Abuse and child abuse is not something to be taken lightly, even after the abuse has been stopped there are long lasting effects. Could you imagine being abused by someone you thought loved or cared about you? According to dictionary.com, the definitionRead MoreEffects of child abuse2236 Words   |  9 Pages The Impact of Child Abuse In the typical classroom, a 4-year-old child once said, â€Å"If someone wants to have sex with you, you have to do it.† (Rafanello) Child abuse is more prevalent now than ever, and the numbers are only growing. This shows us that child abuse is more relevant now than ever. The amount of damage inflicted on these children mentally range from mild to extreme. This is why it’s important that child abuse gets reported as soon as possible. Did you know that 3.2 million childrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Abuse On Child Abuse980 Words   |  4 Pagesthe war against child abuse since the first case of child abuse in 1874 that included a child being beaten and chained against her will (Meadows, 2014). Many people hear the words child abuse and think of physical abuse. While, many people are correct in thinking of physical abuse, an â€Å"Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE)† study done by the CDC shows that although physical abuse is the leading form of child abuse, emotional or psychological abuse is the second leading form of child abuse (2014). AlthoughRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking) . They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types of child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were physically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children913 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from happening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an occurrence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accidentRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Society1342 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse. How does one decide what constitutes abuse? Is there a thin line between abuse and discipline? We often hear the horrific stories of child abuse in our communities, but are we as a society so used to hearing these stories that we have become desensitized to them? Child abuse is a prevalent thing in communities and often time the victims are suffering in silence. We, as a society, have a bad habit of â€Å"turning our heads the other way† or â€Å"not wanting to get involved.† The mentality of

Differences Between American And Chinese Adolescents

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN AND CHINESE ADOLESCENTS Whether you are in America or China, adolescents face much of the same challenges while making the transition from adolescents to adulthood. Although they are worlds apart each countries adolescent have the same obstacles to overcome. These obstacles help mold them into the adults they will become. EDUCATION American students attend primary and secondary school for a combined total of 12 years. Around the age of six, U.S. children begin primary school, which is most commonly called â€Å"elementary school.† They attend five or six years and then go onto secondary school. Secondary school consists of two programs: the first is junior high school and the second program is high school. A†¦show more content†¦The traditional cultural values that influence the spirit of the Chinese people are harmony, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, honesty, loyalty, and filial piety. (LIHUA) Equality is, for Americans, one of their most cherished values. self-help, Control, Competition and free enterprise, future orientation, action/work orientation, informality, directness, openness and honest, practicality and efficiency. (Kohls) RELIGION China is a multi-religious country. Taoism, Buddhism, Islamism, Protestantism, and Catholicism have all developed in this country. Freedom of belief is a government policy; the constitution protects religious activities. Buddhism spread from India to China some 2,000 years ago, Chinese Buddhism may be classified into three communities: Mandarin, Tibetan and Bali. Many of the Mandarin Buddhist believers are Han Chinese while Tibetan Buddhist believers are people the Tibetan, Mongolian, Yugur, Lhoba, Moinba and Tujia nationalities, and Bali Buddhist believers are people of the Dai and Bulang ethnic groups that mainly live in Yunnan Province. The Buddhist communities are the largest religious communities in China. 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However, as for intergenerational differences, the Vietnamese had theRead MoreCross-Cultural Differences Between Asian American Parenting1397 Words   |  6 Pages Cross-Cultural Differences Between Asian American Parenting Styles To compare, another study, by Cindy Lin and Fu (1990) compared and contrasted the parenting styles amongst Chinese, Immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian-American parents. The study was conducted on mothers and fathers of 138 kindergarteners, and first and second graders in the USA and Taiwan. This study researched the parental authoritativeness, academic achievement, and independence encouragement amongst the two cultures, andRead MoreA Theoretical Perspective Attachment Based Family Therapy1710 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualization The family’s main problems can be understood from the theoretical perspective Attachment Based Family Therapy (ABFT). The client that was referred is Mia. She is a 17 year old second generation Chinese-American girl. 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Improved Public Management and Development

Question: Discuss about the Improved Public Management and Development. Answer: Introduction Public Financial management, or PFM, is the set of rules, laws, processes, and systems which are used by various nations, so as to mobilize their revenues, in the allocation of the funds of the public, the undertaking of public spending, accounting for funds, and the audit results. In the following parts, the importance of PFM, as well as, the six key principles of PFM has been highlighted. Importance of PFM For an effective, as well as, sustainable public service delivery, and economic management, a strong public financial management is essential. When the states are underpinned by proper and good institutions, as well as, systems of PFM, they are more effective and more accountable (OECD, 2016). A strong PFM system is able crucial in ensuring that the funds are being utilized to achieve the stated development objectives. Principles of Public Financial Administration To ensure that there is a stability, as well as, long term sustainability in the budgets, the budgetary parameters are too be forecasted in a manner which is in the outline of the integrated monetary and macroeconomic policies. This also includes the creation, as well as, maintenance of the suitable financial reserves, which includes the stabilization of resources for the upcoming generations, especially in the cases of nations which have a high percentage of revenues from the exports of commodity (Kudrin, 2006). Accountability One of the broad principles which have a profound implication over the different levels of public management is accountability. Accountability deals with holding the people, as well as, the institutions responsible for their actions. The governments emphasize on the organizational form, where the responsibility is arrange in a hierarchical manner, and the ultimate responsibility for the actions or decisions rests on the top, with the legislature or the executives (United Nations, 1995). But in the recent decades, there has been a shift towards decentralization, which endorses the knowledge that retention of financial accountability over the use of public resources is needed for a well managed government. Transparency Along with the development of the management methods, schemes are designed by the governments to promote, as well as, enhance transparency and make available efficient information to the general public, along with the interested parties (United Nations, 1995). Such efficient information helps in the strengthening of motivation for the politicians, as well as, managers in ensuring the achievement of results and proper management of resources. Effective Financial Control, Reporting And Monitoring For an effective PFM, a proper system of financial control, reporting and monitoring is crucial. This is done in many ways, some of which include the annual audits, which are done by independent external persons, of the budget reporting, and the findings of these audits are then reviewed by the legislature; audit mechanisms, and internal control systems are developed and applied; the quality of financial management is regularly analyzed and assessed, and measures for improving it are also provided (Kudrin, 2006). All this helps in proper monitoring, as well as in better control, which includes the compliance with the budget legislations. Fiduciary Risk Management An intuitive, as well as, a flexible fiduciary risk management system is essential so that the anticipated, as well as, the unanticipated risks which are faced by the public entities are mitigated, while they chase their goals (Shaikh, Naeem, 2013). A proper monitoring of the progress in the set goals helps in the correction of errors in a timely manner, along with the proper identification of the problematic areas, as well as, the risks of the future. Public audit is one of the ways of identifying the risks, which can act as a barrier in achievement of the desired goals. Results-Oriented Budgeting In order to attain result oriented budgeting, the goals, targets, and objectives for each of the spending bodies is set and designed in a manner to ensure the achievement of these. The competitive principles are used for allocation of the budgeted funds which includes the comparison of the achieved results from the planned ones by the use of budged appropriations (Kudrin, 2006). A result Oriented budgeting helps PFM in ensuring the motivation, responsibility, independence and accountability of the public bodies, and their success in achieving the goals, contained by the pre-ascertained financial limits. References Kudrin, A.L. (2006). Principles for Good Governance of Public Finance. Retrieved from: https://old.minfin.ru/common/img/uploaded/library/no_date/2007/pfggopf_eng.pdf OECD. (2016). Public Financial Management: An overview. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/pfm.htm Shaikh, A., Naeem, N. (2013). An Introduction To Public Financial Management. Retrieved from: https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/ACCA_National/pk/mem/Members_network_panel_2013.pdf United Nations. (1995). Financial Management for Improved Public Management and Development. Retrieved from: https://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan000760.pdf